Alexander The Great In Afghanistan Free Essays

Alexander the great was born in Pella, Macedonia in 350 B. C. His father who was the Macedonia King Philippe died when Alexander was 20 years after being killed in a Persia’s battle. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander The Great In Afghanistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now He immediately replaced the position of his father. Alexander had several talents ranging from being smart, brave, proud and ambitious. His military and brave skills were witnessed when he took part in the battle at the age of 16. One of his ambitious dreams was to establish the world empire and become the ruler of the whole inhabited world. He had inherited his father’s idea to conquer Asia and wage a campaign against the orient. (Hornblower S, 2002). Alexander the great had made several achievements in his interest to populate the world empire with a unity nation but on the other hand his governance had some setbacks. This paper highlights some of the real achievements and failures that Alexander the great made in his time for leadership. At the death of his father when he was 20 year old, he was proclaimed to be the Czar of Macedonia. He did everything to strengthen the armies military skills, developed the army’s organizational system and lead Hellenic Campaign to the Orient. His army entered the main residence of Persia palace which was the most beautiful and had taken 60 years to be built. This action made Alexander to be the ruler of the whole orient. â€Å"Since the time he mounted the throne of Persian czars he started to demand from his subordinates to keep the oriental ritual of worship† (Alexander the great encyclopedia. ) During this period, Czar Darius was still alive and he settled in Ekbantak in Midia. Alexander sent his army to Persian Czar. Darius refused to take the battle and sought safety in flight. His empire ended after his death as a result of a wound inflicted on him. (Kaplan R, 2001). Alexander the great also confronted the rebels in the Sogdian Rock of Sisimitr. The confrontation was faced with confrontation in accessing the solgdian noblemen who had settled in un sailable mountain which was filled with snow. These noblemen had a great influence on the population of Soldgiana. However with a promise of great reward to his warriors, 300 brave volunteers managed to climb the mountain, and reached where the noblemen had settled. The rebels surrendered as they were astonished by this action. Alexander the Great led to the spread of the Greek Culture all over his empire which affected the law and the government for a very long period. He was an open-minded man in that he integrated more Persian/Asian ideas in his empower and military. He said that Asia found many things that are worthy to be copied. (Mirzaev R, 2006). The king also encouraged the cultural, political and religious development of the western thinking. This was as a result of conquering Darius Persian Armies eliminating the Persian threat in invading Europe. This had loomed for a number of centuries. Alexander the great also lead to conquering the Macedonia to Modern India. However, Alexander the great cut the Gordian knot which established the physical force, power and brute reasoning, over spiritualism and religious mysteries. He was defeated in India. This defeat came about due to the distance from Europe and the lack of supply lines. It essentially established the borders of European imperialism during that era of technology which remained intact through the time of the Roman Empire. Alexander the great led to disintegration of the great empire after his death. This is because his governance lacked the political and economic ties and instead relied absolutely on the military forces. He neglected his health to a point where he died. Before he died he had failed to provide an heir, and refused to designate an adult successor. His role would not have been taken by any other person because he eliminated aspirants that could have taken his role to succeed him. Neglecting to delegate his responsibility to any other person also killed his administrative system because he played all the duties alone. Alexander the Great had made conquest in life which was very extraordinary. This was witnessed all the way since he was 16 throughout his life in the leadership. However the overall outcome was failure due to the collapse of his governance and the rise in the Roman republic. ( Donova D. C. ) A good leader makes a better leader that him/her. (Covey S. 95) One cannot lead alone; he/she should rely on others in order to get criticism and more enlighting in leadership. Delegation of some responsibilities ensures a strong leadership because the burden of leadership is shared to different people. Delegation of responsibility also ensures that leaders focus and concentrate on certain important issues rather than shifting effort to all dimensions. Alexander the Great system of monopoly of powers led to the collapse of the government after his death. It was also followed by 50 years of warfare and also the collapse of his empire. The Alexander system of governance could have both positive and negative attributes that one can pinpoint in order to help one employ a right leadership. Ambition and determination irrespective of the age are important leadership attributes that could be seen and copied from Alexander’s leadership. However discouragement of successors’, dictatorship and self-centeredness in leadership should be highly criticized as it can be learnt from Alexander’s leadership. Alexander should be the blame for poor leadership in Central Asia as it did not enhance continuity. References: Jeffery J. Roberts. 2003. The origins of conflict in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group Simon Hornblower. 2002. The Greek World, 479-323 BC: Exploring Ethnic Identity on Curac? ao. Routledge Publishers Robert D. Kaplan. 2001. Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books Publishers R. R. Rawson. 2007. The Monsoon Lands of Asia. Transaction Publishers Mirzaev R. 2006. Alexander the Great in Central Asia. Retrieved on 11th March 2009 from http://www. sairamtour. com/news/gems/49. html Wahid Momand. 2000. Invasion of Alexander. Retrieved on 11th March 2009 from http://www. afghanland. com/history/alexander. html How to cite Alexander The Great In Afghanistan, Papers

Strategic Management in a Global Context free essay sample

Since then the industry has faced dramatic growth. Especially in the post WWII period, with the rising of jet engine planes the number passengers raised from year to year. Among the first internationally operating airlines were Lufthansa, founded in1926 and Air France, founded in 1933. Other commercial Airlines were founded such as the famous Pan Am and disappeared again. Today, the world’s airline sector is dominated by large national Carriers who have for a 2 long time been under the influence of national governments. Only since 1978 deregulations formed a competitive market as direct subsidiaries consequently were abolished and the airlines were turned into independent, often stock-listed, companies. This step helped to complete the transformation from of air travel from a luxury to as mass-market. However, during the last 4 years, airline industry faced major problems and profits were hardly earned. The challenge for al operating airlines today is to cut costs per passenger-mile and increase their network to offer best service at lowest costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management in a Global Context or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Key Success Factors Never the less the worlds airline sector indices have substantially under erformed over the past 20 years. Key factors explaining this failure and affecting the industry are: Overcapacity and still government interference Fix cost business Passenger numbers major impact on profitability Payments of landing slots are fix, irrespective passenger numbers Fuel costs are constantly rising High capital employed Cyclical demand Severely affected by corporate spending Pricing pressure with market entry of low-cost carriers Yield Management Issues that managers face when making decisions in yield management deserve some more consideration. †¢ Measuring performance of yield management is a major issue. Load factor, yield (revenue per passenger mile) are measures affected by external competition. In assessing performance, American Airlines uses the discount allocation revenue opportunity model. It measures where the airline stands in comparison to its maximum revenue possible and the minimum revenue possible †¢ Customers seem to be resigned to the fact that airlines discriminate on price but many find it very bitter and it sometimes leads to customer alienation. We emphasize the tradeoff between short-term which focuses on profits and long-term which focuses on delivering good, reliable service. From a managerial point of view, employee’s morale is at stake here. Since yield management takes much of the guess work out of how many seats to sell at what price, less decision power is left on their shoulders and as technology is more and more present in their professional lives, it may reduce them to being simple operators rather than decision makers. In addition, some employees are paid a percentage of the sales they make, fostering them to make group sales that in turn may be contradictory with the objective of yield management that is maximizing revenues for a whole flight. As an example, a sales person might be denied by the system to sell discounted tickets to a group of 30 people more than 45 days in advance. As a result, this employee may lose the sale. 3 In addition, unpredictable catastrophes with a global impact such as 9-11 or the SARS epidemic in South-Asia have a severe and sudden impact on demand. Industry Structure: The airline industry is an imperfect oligopoly. A few carriers dominate long-haul passenger traffic whilst several companies compete in the mid- and low-distance segment.

Assignment on Harrod Domar Growth Model free essay sample

Describe and explain the simple Harrod-Domar Growth Model and its relevance to India’s Five Year Plans. The Harrod -Domar growth model goes on to explain the relationship between economic growth, which is the level of savings and capital in terms of productivity required. This is widely used in developing countries. This model was developed independently by Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar in 1940. This model is based on real life happenings which can be observed like not all people that live do work. Therefore there is unemployment and goes ahead to explain that capital(which is money) is the binding constraint on production and growth. The growth An aggregate production function is the base for any economic growth model. It’s function can take up in different forms, where we can calculate production and output. Factors that can have an impact on the outcome are based on (agriculture, heavy industry,light labour,intensive manufacturing Knowing the difference between economic growth and development will only give rise to national income. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Harrod Domar Growth Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whts the growth model – explain each formauls and wht it means How did help in Indians development How the 5 yr plan works y it was introduced spk abt 1 o0 2 of the 11 plans available. The relevance that the growth model has to India’s five year plan is that India’s GDP grew at a rate of 4% per year during the first two Five year plans which was from 1951-56 and 1956-61. This rate of growth is reported to be 2 to 3 times higher than the rate recorded under the British administration. During this period it is where it opened doors to licensing of private investments in certain sectors. Then prime Minister Nehru

Death with Dignity Essay

Death with Dignity Essay Death with Dignity Essay Response to Death With Dignity writing They call me a leader. They call me an innovator. They call me a miracle. In my lifetime I have achieved incredible things, done outstanding deeds and have surpassed every expectation thought-out for me. I have gone the extra mile to prove to myself, others and society that I am no different. I have sang in front of hundreds, spoken before thousands, and impacted a countless number of people. I have led schools, classmates, cities and states towards a common goal of unity. I have achieved so much in my mere eighteen years of life, that the majority of people don’t ever take the opportunity to experience. What is it that drives me to be so focused, you may ask? My drive is simply the will to live. I have had this zest for life from the day I was born. Over the years I have achieved greatness, understanding that my years may be short. Having a terminal illness has placed perspective on my life and the way in which I view it. I have learned to monitor my health and to have a great understanding as to its current standing. By judging me, you may say that I am an exception and that I have a clear mind of what is right and wrong, therefore could rightfully judge when the appropriate time may be to give into my illness and end the pain. My question to you is, why? Why make an exception? Why deem one action right for one person and not another? Who is to judge what is right versus wrong? Who is to judge what is best for another being? Who is to judge how one individual enters or exits the world. Our whole lives we have been told that we as individual beings have the freedom to decide ‘our destiny’ and what our life will come too, but your argument undermines exactly that . I find it to be my responsibility to speak for my peers in saying the points in your writing â€Å"What about do no harm?: Suicide is not health care, and prescribing death is not a doctor’s role† are far from accurate, valid or supported. Your point supports the government’s involvement and ability to force people to remain living just to suffer terrible pain, finishing the greatest times of their lives with the worst of days of agony. When all said and done, under current law people have no control over their death and instead are inverted back to helpless beings. As an adult with a terminal illness, this issue

Experimental plan for lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental plan for lab - Essay Example Besides, identification of trace elements and clues in crime scene is a major challenge in the forensic science. Therefore, some of the commonest methods are less accurate and time consuming with low levels of reliability making it difficult to identify the specific culprits especially nowadays that criminals are very knowledgeable. However, according to Hartzell (689) invention of chemical processes like GCMS, which uses trace materials from the crime scene is revolutionising the path taken by forensic scientist and criminal investigators because of its reliability, accuracy and the ability to identify signature molecules even at trace and minute levels. Volunteers will provide the samples by rubbing their fingers across the forehead before using the clean beads from the vials in rubbing between their fingerprints for 15 seconds and then immediately placing the beads in the vial Hartzell-Baguley, Brittany, Rachael E .Hipp, Neal R. Morgan, and Stephen L. Morgan. "Chemical Composition of Latent Fingerprints by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry an Experiment for an Instrumental Analysis Course,." Journal of Chemical Education 48.4 (2007): 689-91.

Globalization and the New American Economy Essay

Globalization and the New American Economy - Essay Example Exports and overseas operations are highly beneficial for a company. US firms increase their profitability and net worth by expanding into potential markets globally. This happens either through a fully direct investment or through partnerships and mergers. Through this market expansion, the US firms earn more profits and market share. Increased profitability of the company will boost the investment climate in the market. An increased investment climate will in turn help to boost the economy. This is how the whole cycle works. This scenario can be better explained with the help of companies from various industrial sectors. To begin with, let us take the case of automobile industry which is one of the major contributors to the nation’s economy. Ford Motors, one of the largest US auto manufacturers has recently entered into a joint venture with OAO Sollers of Russia to manufacture and distribute Ford Cars in Russia. â€Å"The partnership with Sollers also will include engine production and stamping and involve establishing research and development activities, Ford said in a statement.† (Higgins & Ebhardt, 2011) This arrangement will help to increase the market presence of Ford which has successfully come out from a crisis recently. This increase of market share will kick start the cycle which has been mentioned earlier in the essay. Now let us see the case in a different angle. Companies also increase the profits through cost reduction. Employee compensation forms one of the major components o f the total cost of production. US companies have been making huge cost savings by using cheap labor from outside the country. Most of the companies outsource its back end operations to countries like India and China where the job is done at half the cost incurred in US. Most US IT firms have their full fledged offices in these countries. Outsourcing helps the US firms to increase profits through cost savings. This has helped the companies to increase the

Analysis of Agency Theory

Analysis of Agency Theory Agency theory is one of the most important concepts of the business areas especially financial economics. Because of its importance, this theory is included in most of the introductory chapters of the modern financial economics books and publications. It is commonly cited as one of the key areas for progress and improvement of the modern financial economics. Moreover, its assumptions provide wide explanations for crucial business areas such as: merger activities, dividend policies, capital structure, corporate restructuring, and executive compensations, etc Agency theory defines the company or the firm as â€Å"nexus of contracts† between different resource suppliers. It is centralized on two different parties: principal, who supply the capital, and the agent who manage the day to day operations for the firm. In other words, it is the relation between one who determines the work and another who does the work. For example, in corporations, principals are the shareholders who delegates work to the agent which is the manager in the company. Agency theory assumes that shareholders and managers are motivated by their self –interest, thus managers are likely to persist their self-interest goal that contradicts with the goals of the owner. However, agents are supposed to work for the self-interest of the principal. This conflict results with a cost called the agency cost. This cost represents the cost of supervising the behavior of the agents as well as the profit loss resulting from operating policies and restrictions on managem ent. Although the agency theory is controversial and contradictory, many scientist talked about this concept and explained its advantages and disadvantages on many business fields’ especially financial economics. Many scientist and scholars talked about the agency theory, and it is one of the most crucial theory in the economic and financial history fields. This theory was originated and created by two scholars, Stephen Ross and Barry Mitnick. Each one had a take a part of the agency theory and created. Economic wise, Stepeh Ross is the one responsible for the economic theory of agency, and financial wise, Barry Mitnick is responsible for the institutional theory of agency. These two scholars used the same concepts but under different assumption. Everyone introduced the theory in his own way or thinking. Ross introduces the agency theory from the side of problems of compensation relation and as an incentive problem. On the other side, Mitnick introduced how the institutions should evolve to deal with deficiencies that is created by the agency relationships. According to Mitnick, â€Å"Behavior never occurs as it is preferred by the principal because it does not pay to make it perfect.† This is the main problem that Mitnick suggest as a deficiency of the agency relationship and he suggested that the society created rules and policies that help the companies to attend these imperfections, managing to deal with them, and adapting to them. Therefore, in order to understand the agency, people need both sides to see the incentive side as well as the organizational structure. However, this theory did not accurately defined properly and introduced to the world until the initiation of Jensen and Meckling articles in 1976. Jensen and Meckling introduces the agency theory as a relationship problem that arises between the owner of the resources and the one who is managing those resources. More general speaking, a conflict can arise between one who owns the capital and the one who is controlling the day to day operation since every party has his own interest that wants to be achieved and those interests can be contradictory. According to Jensen and Meckling, â€Å"Agency cos t arise from the conflict of interest between a principal and an agent.† For example, when managers, who are responsible for decisions that impact the operation of the firm, are not the primary beneficiary of the firm net assets, and do not accept any effect regarding his or her decisions. Moreover, the agency cost is divided into three type of cost: structuring cost, monitoring cost, and bonding cost. Structuring cost is the cost that a firm should take it when manufacturing any product or service such as transaction cost, suck cost, and fixed cost. It is the fixed cost divided by the variable cost. Monitoring cost is watching and supervising the recording of cost daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. It is very important for the owner to have mangers that allocate the proper time to the proper work and minimize cost as much possible. Due to this problem, Jensen offers many solutions to save the firm from this problem. Setting the use of contract is a cost that the firm should use in order to align the actions of the mangers with the actions of the owner. As Jensen (1994) suggests, â€Å"Managerial decisions designed to strengthen organizations often meet with opposition from colleagues, employees†¦ providing managers with incentives to compromise their decisions.† In other words, the best way to insure that the decisions are not conflicting is to ensure that the trade-off that mangers face are pushing them to take the correct decisions. Therefore, the goal of the agent should increase the firm wealth that lead to increase the performance and market price. Moreover, in order the manager to increase value of the firm, the owner should create compensation plan that trigger the agent to spend his or her efforts or works to maximize the firm profits and productivity. According to the agency theory, the shareholder should have the sense that offering a compensation package to the agents can reduce the agency cost which means that interest of the two parties will be in the interest of the firm as whole, and the two parties will be one team working to maximize the value and the wealth of the organization. The agency theory creates many obligations that shareholders must take into consideration in order to save their firm. The agency cost is one of these assumption that is created in order to show the types of expenses that the firm should spend. It is divided into three types: expenditures to monitor managerial activities such as audit cost. Nowadays, auditing becomes one of the most important business issues that every organization especially the banking sector should apply. For example, due the agency problem, the Lebanese central bank oblige all the banking sector to have two independent big four auditors in order to assure all the financial information that is created by the managers. The second cost is the cost of structuring the organization such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or reengineering the organizational chart in the firm. To have a well design organization charts in a firm is very effective since it helps to allocate the jobs in a way that can m aximize efficiency and get rid of relation problems. The third cost is the opportunity cost that is created by the owner such as voting in specific issues and limit the ability of the managers regarding the actions that advance the shareholder wealth. For this purpose, many mechanism are introduced to the business world that can minimize those costs and solve the agency problems. First, compensation plan can be applied for the mangers such owning a stock in the firm and stock price changes. In this case, managers I obliged to work efficiently for the sake to increase the financial wealth to increase his or her stock value. Another extreme, is to have in the firm stockholders that have a theory X management style which means that they will manage each step or decision that is taken by the managers, but this would be costly and inefficient. The best solution to have a compensation that is based on performance and some monitoring should be undertaken. Moreover, the owner can create a s ense for managers that if they make any wrong decision that affect the firm negatively, they will be fired or replaced by another manager. However, this solution is somehow risky in a case that creates problems in the workplace. For example, many publicly traded companies are creating shares based on performance levels which are shared given for the mangers based on performance which are explained by many financial measures such as earing per share, return on assets, and return on equity etc†¦ If the performance is below the level, the shares will be less than 100 percent. These incentives are created for two main goals. First, they offer executives to take action that will increase shareholder wealth. Second, these types of plans help the firm to retrain managers that can have confidence to risk their financial wealth based on their abilities which can lead to better performance.