Sociological Attitudes Toward Gender And Sexuality

When analysing the current state of sociological attitudes toward gender and sexuality, the overwhelming conclusion is that the hegemonic view in society assumes an inherent binary (Lorber via Steele, 2005, p.75). We categorize people into two groups: male or female; man or woman; masculine or feminine; gay or straight. However, throughout humanity’s development, variances to that model have emerged, either choosing to sit somewhere between the binary, or reject the model altogether. These variations challenge the binary assumptions entrenched within society, and as a result, are often denied, misunderstood or ignored entirely. Enter bisexuality. Put simply, the concept of bisexuality is a sexual orientation that lies in the space between heterosexuality and homosexuality. However, society’s assumption of sexual essentialism, the idea that sexual orientation is fixed and absolute, has led to a culture that is â€Å"uncomfortable with people who are sexually ambiguous (Valverde via Naugler, 2012, p. 87). This urges society to assume that, despite the existence of bisexuality, people are really either gay or straight (Valverde via Naugler, 2012, p. 83). This is the phenomenon of bisexual erasure (Eisner, 2013, p. 89). Bisexual erasure affects both bisexual men and women in various ways; however, this essay will focus on the erasure of bisexuality in men in particular. There is a distinctive public perception when it comes to bisexuality in men: that they don’t exist at all. DenialShow MoreRelatedCommon Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C. Wright Mills Theory Of The Sociological Imagination1534 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the explanations of C. Wright Mills theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based on people s personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He wrote thatRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Common Sense1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination was a term that was first coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills. It could be said that definition of The Sociological I magination is having the ability to look beyond personal experience and realise that society is shaped by the cross over between biography and history. Mills thought that everyone in society had the capability to think sociologically and that this was essential to gain a deeper understanding of both their society, and their current circumstance. ThisRead MoreFunny Thing About Sociology : Time Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesgoes into coming up with a sociological question. Sociologists rework their questions multiple times, and then reviews for structure and sociological imagination; no surprise the rewording starts again. Finally, with great relief the masterpiece is done, the question is asked. One will sit back and admire their question only to realize the real work is about to start. Attempt one at a sociology question: Why do homosexual people â€Å"come out† about their sexuality verses naturally progressingRead MoreDisability Term Paper1491 Words   |  6 PagesRosario Student # 700316 Central Texas College For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for SOCI 1301 Introduction to Sociology Submitted to Dr. Duffy December 7, 2010 INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY 2 INTRODUCTION This paper demonstrates that hitherto sociological analyses of disability have been theoretically and methodologically inadequate. It is written that sociology, in common with the other major contemporary disciplines, has accepted almost without question the legitimacy of the individualistic biomedicalRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal And The Normalization Of Homosexuality1422 Words   |  6 Pageslegal and the normalization of homosexuality, the LGBQT community continues to face scrutiny over their lifestyle. I will be talking about the various conflicts the community faced in the past and continues to face in the present. And the various sociological concepts that links as to why homosexuality is seen by society as deviance , such as the Functionalist perspective and Socialization. According to the American Psychological Association, the current scientific understanding is that individualsRead MoreA Glance At Modern Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction in terms of economic relationship†¦ Ruiz and Mà ­nguez (2001) observe that such environments prompt immoralities such as ‘poverty, inequality, and exclusion’† (qtd. in Lucey, Agnello, and Hawkins 2). Homophobia can be described as an antipathy towards homosexual individuals. Those individuals are subjected to prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in their social and political lives. From the foreword of The Bluest Eye by Toni Moorison, Moorison states â€Å"There can’t be anyone, I am sure, whoRead MoreGoing Into High School As A Junior981 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore and this was a great course and I am really glad that I took it. The things that took from this course that I can compare and relate to my life are the uses of technology in our society, social inequi ty, race of others, family and culture, gender differences, and personal life problems. When we look at how technology and how it has changed over the years, there are a lot of things that are different then how they used to be. The people, the way technology is used, as well as who uses itRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 PagesCollins approaches the beliefs of misconceptions already existent towards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surrounding the persecutionsRead MoreGender and Postmodern1508 Words   |  7 Pageson ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practit ioners† Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. This essay argues posing foucauldian postmodernism of Judith Butler against Baudrillardean post modernism of Arthur and Marilouse Kroker with analysis on both their ideas on gender including sex and sexuality. ThisRead MoreFeminism, Marxism And Marxism1320 Words   |  6 Pagesproletariat until the establishment of a classless society(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Marxism) Firstly, Marxism is a widely academically known and used theory and interpretation all over literature. However, this is different in a sociological perspective. From a Marxist perspective, the proletariats are the majority and the bourgeoisie are the minority, under capitalist ideologies. The proletariats work very hard whereas the bourgeoisie are powerful and control everything. The proletariats

Analysis Of Robert Frost - 869 Words

Robert Frost wrote this poem in 1923. Frost is referencing creation from the perspective of a Christian. The poem is about creation and how creation evolves over time. Frost is an American poet from New England. He was very concerned with the political climate of the twenties. This piece is part of a collection of 20th century poetry. I think that the style of the poem is a narrative. It tells you about natures first green and everything that follows. It then wraps up with telling you nothing gold can stay. The poems title implies multiple possibilities. It isnt talking only about nature and the seasons, but about purity in general. Nothing can stay pure forever. In the poem there is an AA BB rhyme scheme. I think the rhyme scheme†¦show more content†¦It proposes a lot of ideas in a serious way. The Tone is very somber and thought-provoking. As from before, it proposes a lot of tones and ideas that arent exactly cheery. Overall it is a very serious and thought-provoking poem in both its tone and mood. The theme of this poem is nature and loss. Frost is very up front about his message, nothing gold can stay. It is further emphasized by personification. In the end the message is put on display. The rhythm of the poem almost seems to march. It continues to the end at a steady, unceasing pace that gives off a smooth atmosphere. It flows with the theme very well in my opinion. Just like the theme it has a steady, and thoughtful pace that ends up highlighting the theme even more. The only sense the poem really uses is sight. Throughout the middle of the poem it uses descriptions such as â€Å"leafs a flower†. Most of the impressions I got were very neutral and didn’t really get a real emotion out of me. The use of the senses was very dull in this poem. The only real image I think he wanted the reader to see was nature changing and browning. The comparisons he used in the poem, combined with the personification of nature and Eden, were the only things leading to imagery. Robert doesn’t use approximate rhyme at all in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†. Instead he uses real rhyme with words like gold and hold. The AA BB rhyme scheme and light onomatopoeia. It isn’t a very unique style and I probably wouldn’t beShow MoreRelatedRobert Frost Explication Analysis1266 Words   |  6 PagesStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening was published in Robert Frost’s New Hampshire in 1924 (Pritchard). The poem is among the most easily recognizable and familiar works written by Frost. On the surface, this poem is a short encounter at the edge of a snowy forest. Perhaps its outer simplicity is what makes the poem stand out in the minds of readers. The straightforward structure and balanced rhyme pattern make it easy to recite and the imagery Frost evokes is both beautiful and engaging. However, thisRead MoreAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their childRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MorePoetry Analysis Robert Frost Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesPOETRY ANALYSIS: DESIGN Robert Frosts poem Design seemingly disputes the question whether there is a design to life; yet, he is not able to establish an answer. Despite the comlexity of his poem his implied message is rather simple. Frosts statement clarified humans eagerness to finding a meaning to life and an essential background and reason to events, regardless of how small and insignificant they might be. His work states an advice not to interpret too much into insignificant conincidencesRead MoreEssay Analysis of Birches by Robert Frost824 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Birches by Robert Frost In the poem Birches by Robert Frost, Frost portrays the images of a child growing to adulthood through the symbolism of aging birch trees. Through these images readers are able to see the reality of the real world compared to their carefree childhood. The image of life through tribulation is the main focal point of the poem and the second point of the poem is if one could revert back to the simpler times of childhood. The language of the poem is entirelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Out, Out By Robert Frost727 Words   |  3 PagesIn Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Out, Out† an overwhelming theme of agony can be sensed as Frost incorporates his personal experiences with loss and his views on society into the narrative of this literary work. Frost uses the depiction of innocence through a young boy who suffers a fatal accident to metaphorically embed his personal struggles with the death of his two children into the poem. The section of the poem that will be analyzed is the final ten lines (25-34). The significance of this section inRead MoreRobert Frost Poem Analysis792 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at both Robert Frost’s and Emily Dickinson’s poems about darkness and night, several things are brought to light. This includes the different point of views provided by the speaker, the imagery left for the reader to depict, the structure of each poem, and how both poems connect to each other. In each of the two poems, the speakers have contrasting opinions on the idea of darkness and the night. In Emily Dickinson’s poem, the speaker presents themself with optimism within the phrasesRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very interesting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, it generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead More Analysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost Robert Frost tells a disturbing story in Out, Out, --, in which a little boy loses his life. The title of the poem leaves the reader to substitute the last word of the title, which some would assume would be out because of the repetition. The title is referring to the boy exiting the living world. Frost drags the readers mind into the poem with the imagistic description of the tools and atmosphere the little boy is surrounded by. Frost describesRead MoreAnalysis of Mending Wall by Robert Frost Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Mending Wall by Robert Frost Robert Frost is describing a process in Mending Wall, which is repairing a wall that separates his territory and his neighbors. The wall was deteriorated during the winter, when the cold frost created cracks and gaps in the wall. He uses a nearly infantile imagination to unravel the mystery of the damage that appeared suddenly in spring. While they are tediously laboring to reconstruct the fence, Frost is imploring his neighbor about the use

Nature Versus Nurture Debate Avail Free Sample Essay

Question: Write an essay under the following title: Explain the nature versus nurture debate, and discus how their viewpoints can be applied to offer explanations relating to the attachment process between an infant and their caregiver. Answer: One of the most studied aspects of psychology today is the attachment theory. The common references to the attachment theory models are Ainsworths and Bowlbys attachment theory. The behaviour of an infant towards their attachment figure during reunion and separation times is explained in the attachment design. The attachment behaviour, which is formed in the infancy, becomes the base of the attachment that occurs in a relationship as adults. Psychologist like Field and Harris has a different viewpoint. According to Haris, the parents must not be too much emphasised upon as the peers also influence the behaviour of the child and accordingly it can be told that nature and nurture both plays a significant role in the attachment behaviour of an infant. Ethological Attachment theory: The strong bond that develops between the caregiver and the infant provides the infant with an emotional security. Persons taking care of the infants get attached to it when it reaches the second half of the first year. The survival or adaptive value of behaviour along with its evolutionary history is concerned with the concept of Ethology. Imprinting is the most well-known concept of this theory where the behaviour of baby birds to stay close to their mother to stay protected and be fed were observed. According to this theory, babies biologically tend to stay close to their caregivers, which are naturally inculcated among them. For evidence, the behaviour of infants were judged in strange situations and it was observed that they tend to move towards their caregiver for protection, hence this theory shows the nature perspective of the attachment theory (Christofides et al. 2015). Early childhood environment theory: Among the various methods of nurture, this is one of the main theories. This theory creates a profound impact on the childs psychological aspect. If, in this development time there exist any kinds of disturbance among the parent-child relationship then it causes a long-term effect on the child. Every child moves towards the opposite sex parent according to the classical psychoanalytic. Not all the development theories employ psychoanalytic language. The loss of the parent-child relationship may be disturbed because of the divorce or death of the parent of the individual. The early childhood environment theory is the main theory that is related with the attachment theory and is connected to nurture theory. For the evidentiary aspect, some children were subjected to situations where their parents were quarrelling, there it was observed that it primarily affected them because of their attachment to both of them (Blute, 2015). By discussing the concept of nature, the genes are referred along with the other hereditary factors that influence the individual to a greater extent ranging from the personality to the physical appearance. Just like everything has their exception, nature affects the attachment process but it is not void of exceptions, for example, many characteristics of an individual depend on the genes but the environment also influences the physical features of the individual. Hence, this concept refutes the nature perspective while explaining the attachment process (Badcock, 2015). The concept of nurture is concerned with the variables present in the environment, which affects an individual. It builds up the individual based on their raising, their social relationships, and their cultural mix-ups. The exception to the nurture theory could be described by the example that, if a child with genetically low height is trying to get more height in the way of nurture, then his height would get increased but up to a certain limit and the nurturing process would not be of much value. This evidence refutes the perspective of nurture while explaining the attachment process (Gadjev, 2015). The nature theory deals with the natural traits of an individual, which is inherited by him or her whereas the nurture theory believes that the environmental factors also play a significant role in the development of a person and moulds his attachment behaviour accordingly. Both the factors play an important part in the attachment theory and contribute to it as wherever nature gets attached to the attachment theory there it builds up an attachment between the individual and caregiver. Similar is the case of the nurture as it also helps to develop an attachment with the caregiver of the infant. Both nature and nature perspective is vital for attachment theory. Reference Badcock, C.R., 2015. Nature-Nurture Controversy, History of.Wright, James D. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, pp.340-344. Blute, M., 2015. James Tabery: Beyond Versus: The Struggle to Understand the Interaction of Nature and Nurture.History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences,36(3), pp.464-465. Christofides, L.N., Hoy, M., Milla, J. and Stengos, T., 2015.Nature or Nurture in Higher Education? Inter-generational Implications of the Vietnam-Era Lottery(No. 9046). Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Gadjev, I., 2015. Nature and nurture: Lamarck's legacy.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,114(1), pp.242-247.

Motivation and Siemens Essay Example

Motivation and Siemens Essay Question 4: How does a company like Siemens benefit from the use of motivation theories to influence its management style and strategies? Understanding of motivation theories can play a very important role in influencing the management style and strategies of a large corporation like Siemens. These theories help companies to develop and implement effective policies and strategies for attracting right types of people needed by them to man the organization, to retain them in the organization and to motivate them to put their best efforts towards achievement of the organizational objectives. A motivated employees is someone that works hard because they feel fulfilled and happy in the workplace and likely to be more productive. The structure of Siemens motivates individuals by empowering them to improve processes. Siemens provides the sort of environment where workers can learn new things and are given the opportunity to progress within the business. This culture demonstrates that Siemens values its employees and help to recruit the next generation of engineers. Siemens employees have the value that they are allowed to be imaginative and can influence their own work. A motivated workforce puts more energy into work in order to achieve the required outcomes. Motivated employees feel that their work is special and they are encouraged to take pride in what they do. It’s shown that there is low absenteeism because employees are happy to go to work. Individuals are more loyal to the organization and stay longer because their needs are being met. It also determines the kind of compensation schemes the company has. It also helps companies to design its jobs that provide maximum job satisfaction to the employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Siemens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Siemens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Siemens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

buy custom “Disgrace” by J.M. Coetzee essay

buy custom â€Å"Disgrace† by J.M. Coetzee essay Disgrace was written by J.M. Coetzee. Coetzee in his book indicates that political change can never do away with despair. The book continues to assert that political change re-introduces misery to the people. The book has been set with South African post-apartheid background. Political and historical forces have been associated with unpleasant experiences in the civilians with a sequence of destructions. My first response to the novel reflected on violence and lawlessness. The mentioning of the politics, I associate with gaining authority or power. This does not come easily and involves clashing of opinions at times leading to violence. Politics is often associated with acts of aggression. This is evident especially in the developing countries. Nations have been shattered as a result of political changes. The typical examples are; Rwanda, Congo, Somalia, Algeria, Iraq, Syria and Korea among many countries. There are various, striking parts of the story. The scene of Michael a Cape Town gardener breaking down to nothing was disturbing. The man finds himself in artificial acceptance of death and life realities. Professor David Lurie a protagonist finds himself in the misery too. Professor David accepts the realties and moves on with life. This Cleary shows how politics can shutter the lives of ordinary citizens and senior citizens. The book continues to state that Life in South Africa portrays brutal dictatorship where threats of punishments and violence are the order of the day; this has been replaced by brutal anarchy indicating a failed government. This is another striking feature. The writer of the book exploits the failures of many states. There are a couple of questions that have run in my mind as I read this story. The first question is: were there no people who could portray leadership? The second question is: were there no human rights bodies? I have found myself intrigued with the character of Professor David Lurie. Im left wondering how an educated person with substantial brains could have found himself entangled in the political failure. He could have led as an example. David escaped Cape Town in disgrace. Coetzee has the message of never give up. The book continues to assert that human beings must never let their self-esteem be disgraced to that of a dog. Professor David let the world desert him by moving to the countryside and living with the lesbian lady. He was also involved in a school sexual assault case. This is nott the way to life. The book keeps on demanding the changes that lead to growth and not destruction. The overall message Coetzee is reflecting; that people to watch out their conducts and live a holy life. Professor David was divorced at an age of fifty two. He was involved in a number of illegal sexual cases that led to his disgrace. The book continues to state that stigma is engraved in the minds. The qualities we portray are a reflection of the thinking. There is the need to think in the right direction. Coetzee in my opinion does not offer a hopeful vision in the change. The Book shows a number of disreputable characters; David, Lucy, Melanie and the veterinary attendee who kills the animals in a loving manner. This indicates how the society is immoral and changing is difficult. The book continues to show how human life is reduced to that of animal. The message of Coetzee is particularly sobering. It is depressing reflecting on the future of South Africa. The human life is reduced to that of animal. The down of David indicates the unbearable circumstances of countries caught in the political chaotic due to racial oppression. This is expressed when David finds himself in trouble with the language. Buy custom â€Å"Disgrace† by J.M. Coetzee essay

Gaius Mucius Scaevola

Gaius Mucius Scaevola Gaius Mucius Scaevola is a legendary Roman hero and assassin, who is said to have saved Rome from conquest by the Etruscan king  Lars Porsena. Gaius Mucius earned the name ‘Scaevola’ when he lost his right hand to Lars Porsenas fire in a show of intimidating will power. He is said to have burned his own hand off in the fire to demonstrate his bravery. Since Gaius Mucius effectively lost his right hand to the fire, he became known as Scaevola, which means left-handed. Attempted Assassination of Lars Porsena Gaius Mucius Scaevola is said to have saved Rome from Lars Porsena, who was the Etruscan King. In about the 6th century B.C., the Etruscans, who were led by King Lars Porsena, were on a conquest and were trying to take Rome. Gaius Mucius supposedly volunteered to assassinate Porsena. However, before he was able to successfully complete his task he was captured and brought before the King. Gaius Mucius informed the king that although he might be executed, there were plenty of other Romans behind him who would try, and eventually succeed, in the assassination attempt. This angered Lars Porsena as he feared another attempt on his life, and thus he threatened to burn Gaius Mucius alive. In response to Porsena’s threat, Gaius Mucius stuck his hand directly in the burning fire to demonstrate that he did not fear it. This showing of bravery so impressed the King Porsena that he did not kill Gaius Mucius. Instead, he sent him back and made peace with Rome. When Gaius Mucius returned to Rome he was viewed as a hero, and was given the name Scaevola, as a result of his lost hand. He then became commonly known as Gaius Mucius Scaevola. Gaius Mucius Scaevola’s tale is described in the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Gaius Mucius Scaevola is a legendary Roman hero who is said to have saved Rome (c. 509 bc) from conquest by the Etruscan king Lars Porsena. According to the legend, Mucius volunteered to assassinate Porsena, who was besieging Rome, but killed his victim’s attendant by mistake. Brought before the Etruscan royal tribunal, he declared that he was one of 300 noble youths who had sworn to take the king’s life. He demonstrated his courage to his captors by thrusting his right hand into a blazing altar fire and holding it there until it was consumed. Deeply impressed and fearing another attempt on his life, Porsena ordered Mucius to be freed; he made peace with the Romans and withdrew his forces. According to the story, Mucius was rewarded with a grant of land beyond the Tiber and given the name Scaevola, meaning â€Å"left-handed.† The tale is presumably an attempt to explain the origin of Rome’s famed Scaevola family.†

Labor law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor law - Essay Example In return, employers gained a loyal â€Å"internal labor market† of semi-trained workers that would save employers money required to recruit, and train. Beyond the implicit contract, unions were also successful in protecting against termination, requiring â€Å"just cause† instead of the more current employer flexibility of â€Å"at will† employment1. The ushering in of the boundaryless workplace has dismantled much of the New Deal labor structure, and has put a premium on individual skills and knowledge. Employees have become free agents in the workforce, needing such skills to compete for prevailing wages with no implicit or explicit guarantee of job security. The strongest protection workers now have is education and training. Stone also notes that those hurt the most by this instability are blue collar and untrained workers2. While the lack of security is tumultuous in itself, Stone argues that the current labor structure does not have answers for many of issues that the changing economy present. Using Stone’s method of chronicling historical changes in the employer-labor relationship, the trend towards a more flexible and boundaryless workforces has worked to improve opportunities for women and minorities. At the same time, however, she believes that, †the new employment relationship makes discrimination hard to identify and difficult to challenge3.† Successful attempts have been made to prevent overt discrimination such as Title VII, of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights law, the Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1962, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act4. This legislation is effective in allowing women and minorities to gain access to the points of entry into an internal labor market, however, due to the breakup of internal labor markets, these acts do not address more modern forms of discrimination. Modern forms of discrimination have become

The Handmaid's Tale Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Handmaid's Tale - Research Paper Example Her novel reveals the repercussions of gendered language taken to the extremist end. This implies the sexist structure of the Gilead society seems different and distant out of oppressive language, which is used in modern American society of which it has been accepted to a point of being used in everyday life. Atwood plays with words and analyses symbolic language in order to reveal the power implication and subservience many words have when literally taken. The acceptance of this oppressive language in American society and culture allowed the formation of Gilead. Here, Offired breaks down the vernacular and reveal meanings, which are commonly overlooked: â€Å"I wait for the household to assemble. Household: that is what we are. The Commander is the head of the household. The house is what he holds. To have and to hold until death do us part† (Atwood, 81). Atwood’s words show the importance newly found which has come with the new role of handmaid in Gilead. Offired literally takes a symbolic language and reveals how it sounds. Most English speaking people ignore willfully and accept the use of such submissive language. However, Atwood seemingly takes a position, which is neutral in her words such as household and breaks it down, analyses its parts and later turns it into a negative word symbolizing domination of male. By relating the views of hold to the wedding vows that are well known â€Å"to have and hold,† Margaret Atwood makes her readers question how romantic the words used are. The English language that is masculine dominated allows women to grow while being accustomed to the domination of male. Passing the wisdom her husband had given her, the readers are enlightened by Offired word: â€Å"Fraternize means to behave like a brother. Luke told me... He said there was no corresponding word that meant to behave like a sister.

Impact on Women and African-Americans Essay Example for Free

Impact on Women and African-Americans Essay These changes included more rights and jobs to many different men and women in America that would help change America into what it is today. At the time of World War I, Many whites were recruited in the military and sent to Europe. The result was a demand for workers in all types of jobs. Many African-Americans facing a plight in the south because of drought, loss of jobs, and racial discrimination immigrated to northern cities like New York, St.Louis, and Chicago. Between 1910 and 1930, over hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved. In northern cities African Americans could work at steel mills, munitions plants, stockyards, and the new automobile assembly line opened by Henry Ford specifically for African Americans. The African Americans that had moved to the city lived in poor slums, also known as ghettos. The African Americans usually lived in one-room kitchenettes. Many African-Americans took the opportunity to start new business such as hairdressing. With many African Americans succeeding in â€Å"areas of finance that whites considered too risky† . The whites discriminated against African Americans because African-Americans competed with whites for jobs because they work for less and are sometimes used as strikebreakers, or people who would be hired when workers in a union went on strike. Instead of Migrating to the north many Africans joined the effort to help the war. There were 2 sides that had different opinions about the war. On one side was W. E. B. Du Bois who believed that â€Å"African-American support for the war would lend strength to calls for racial justice. On the other side there was William Monroe Trotter, who believed that African-Americans should not support the American government who was racist towards the African-American community. Eventually 367,710 African-Americans were drafted into the war and were separated into black only regiments. Before the war many women worked as housewives and only worked in the textile industry. During the war, many men who went off to war got replaced by women in their workplace. Women now worked as sellers, elevator operator, chauffeurs, street car conductor, railroad worker, and even farm workers. Many women started working as telephone receptionists and telegraph workers, because many jobs believed that women were more apt than men to do that kind of work. The government also had the need for women to get government jobs. Government jobs open at the time were clerks, stenographers, and telegraphers. Because of World War I, many women were in demand in the job market and soon women enrolled in courses of higher education. Women started learning more about mathematics because women were dominating over the many industries at the time. Newspapers even started articles designed for women. With higher education some women even advanced in the medical field and law field to become doctors, lawyers, and bankers. When women started working in factories, they faced hardships in working conditions. There were dangerous fumes and explosive dangers. There was always the risk of accidental explosions. It was even harder for mothers because there were not any child care policies offered by many companies. Women soon began making unions, such as the National Women’s Trade Union League, where women met and found ways to help raise women wage and have better work conditions. Some women were among the soldiers in the battlefields. Many women who worked on the frontlines were nurses, and the usual requirements were 16 years of age and plain looking. Women who were nurses learned basic medical procedures and helped wounded soldiers with treatment and sometimes helped bath and organized time off for soldiers. Women also cooked in the frontlines as well as driving ambulances. The women effort in war also spread to the weapons industry. Many women worked with ammunition while men were gone. Women that worked with ammunition had to face dangerous working conditions in factories with explosives. Women worked well with machines and were soon renowned for their skills in operating and being fast learners. Women worked on spreading peace. Many women volunteered in the Red Cross and their facilities. The women in the Red Cross aided the war efforts by working as nurses, by rolling bandages, knitted, socks and worked hospitals for the military. Women also pushed for peace movements. A famous woman, Jane Addams was one of the founders of the Women’s Peace Party and was still actively participating even after the United States entered into the war. The impact of women on the war finally led to the 1919 pass of the Nineteenth amendment that was made to help the women’s suffrage cause, it said that states could not deny any citizen the right to vote because of their sex. In the 1920s most immigrants came from southern and Eastern Europe. Most of these immigrants did not speak any English and were therefore discriminated against. Anti-immigrant feelings arose because many of the Americans believed these new immigrants would not be loyal to their country. Soon organizations like the Committee of Public information (CPI) emerged. The CPI set up Loyalty leagues in other countries to promote more care for America among immigrants. We see that WWI helped open the doors for many opportunities to people of all sex and race. Women gained new rights and were more respected in the economy. African-Americans found more jobs, and immigrants learned about the Americas and its greatness even before arriving in America.

Pro-Death Pentally Essay example -- Capital Punishment

Pro-Death Penalty There are many studies which show the death penalty as a non-deterrent to the serious crime problem that is faced in the United States. The death penalty continues to be the most controversial sentence with over half the states re-instituting capital punishment laws since the Furman v Georgia decision in 1972. Nevertheless, even if the death penalty were no greater a deterrent than a life sentence, some people would still advocate is the only way to get rid permanently society of dangerous criminals who deserve to die. Being that the death penalty is considered a deterrent to criminal activity does it make the execution morally right or just brutal? The death penalty is the highest capital punishment, which serves as a strong deterrent for serious crimes. While capital punishment could probably not deter mentally unstable criminals, it could have an effect on the cold, calculating murderer, such as a hired killer or someone who kills for profit. With the capital death punishment sending red flags to potential criminals, the fear of death might convince felons not to risk using handguns during armed robberies. The deterrent effect of an execution can produce a substantial decline in the murder rate. Although, some believe that a death sentence is a deterrent, others believe that it is cruel, and unusual punishment. There is not enough evidence to prove that the treat of a death sentence can convince potential murderers to forgo their criminal activity. Most murders involve people who knew each other, very often friends, and family members. Since murderers are often under the influence of alcohol or drugs or suffering severe psyc hological turmoil, no penalty will likely be a deterrent. Som... ...ource=bl&ots=nf5duzwmfa&sig=IhQeXxqd8ChN_rlsZ5Lt3kDu1LY&hl=en&ei=yaOaTbDmO4vVgAfgzOGgBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re Richard C. Dieter, E. E. (1998, 06). Retrieved April 03, 2011, from The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-black-and-white-who-lives-who-dies-who-decides Siegel, L. J. (2009). Retrieved April 2011, 2011, from Essentials of Criminal Justice: http://books.google.com/books?id=22eNtpc6On0C&pg=PA355&lpg=PA355&dq=.+Racism+was+particularly+blatant+when+the+death+penalty+was+invoked+in+rape+cases+90%25+of+those+receiving+death+for+rape+in+the+South+and+63%25+of+those+in+the+North,+and+West+was+black STEWART, P. S. (1976 , March 31). Retrieved April 2, 2011, from Proffitt v. Florida (No. 75-5706): http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0428_0242_ZO.html

Book Review: The Blueprint of a Green Economy

The Blueprint of a Green EconomyDavid Pearce, Anil Markandya, Edward BarbierBook Review Background The book â€Å"A Blueprint for a Green Economy† was written as a study for the Department of Environment in the U.K. under the name – â€Å"Sustainable Development, Resource Accounting and Project assessment: State of the Art Review† popularly known as the Pearce Report. Post the well-known Brundtland Report, the authors, conservationists, economic experts David Pearce, Anil Markandya and Edward Barbier have presented the â€Å"economic underpinnings of the thought of sustainable development† in the book documenting their thoughts and positions refering sustainability. The book depicts the meeting of the market doctrine of Margret Thatcher popularly called Thatcherism with the late articulated concern for the environment. Refering the demand of the hr inquiry, the book became a best merchandising in the field of environmental economic sciences when it was released in 1989. Contented Analysis and Major Subjects The rules were three:Policy to be based on sustainability, Delegating rating to environmental effects and incentivizing environmental betterment. Thesustainability constructis explained as a two-pronged attack, as much capital and environmental wealth to future coevalss as the present coevals. The 2nd subject concerns therating of environmental effectswhich aimed at seting a positive monetary value / economic value on the environment alternatively of 0 monetary value policy. The 3rd subject advocates theusage of market inducementsfor accomplishing preferable environmental results. The writers have tried to develop a market-based attack to reflect all these issues as it is in footings of variables of demand, supply and monetary values as they steadfastly believe that is the easiest and best manner to react and turn to the issues of environment-development tradeoff and sustainable development. The Congestion charges of London, the Carbon credits trading—are a twosome of illustrations of the 3rd subject mentioned. The Blueprint for a Green Economy believes in long-run policy steps for following a way to sustainable economic development. The book brought the way interrupting thought of sing Environment as capital plus brings out the position to include non merely natural resources and inputs as portion of these assets but besides the constructs of eco-tourism, and installations or chances such as fishing, hunting, wildlife sing etc as natural capital. As this natural capital is non earned unlike our fiscal and physical capital, there tends to be a grade of sloppiness associated in footings of our point of view. Hence, there is inclination to over-exploit and see them as abundant or limitless without caring for their equal saving and handiness for the future coevalss. While such usage leads to immense growing now, its long-run impact would be to sabotage it. The book answers the refering inquiry is where to pull the line, what is the tradeoff? Blueprint of a Green Economy gives a different return to theenvironment vs. economic growing argument. It points out that the existent trade-off is between our stock of semisynthetic capital ( viz. physical and human capital ) and our natural capital. It does non prophesize abandoning any economic development merely because there would be environmental impacts. The book recognizes worlds and the fact that some sum of environmental effects is ineluctable even at zero-growth phases. All that the book argues is that such a trade-off must be rational i.e. the economic development must warrant the environmental cost it would incur and for that the economic rating of the environmental impact must be right and non undervalued as it has ever been historically. Therefore, a undertaking should be undertaken merely if its economic benefits exceed the overall environmental costs every bit good as the benefits that are presently accruing due to non-existence of such a undertaking. The Southern Cross of unsustainable development in today’s universe is the gross undervaluation of environmental impact of economic development. Such wrong rating leads to incorrect picks as the trade-offs are non right assessed. Another cardinal subject highlighted in this book is theimmensefalse belief in disregarding the rating of cardinal constituents of natural capitalthat provide us services or serve of import natural maps for free such as purification of H2O by coastal wetlands. As this map has a nothing monetary value and there is no market place for it, there is natural hazard of its development or over-usage resulting in debasement. Exhaustible resources like oil have a market-determined monetary value that would mostly maintain in cheque such a effect but such natural capital is bound to stay unaccounted for. Hence, the writers have mandated environmental accounting so that a stock of such resources is profiled in a balance sheet. The flow of their utilizations must besides be accounted and stairss taken to guarantee that their stocks and flows are matched to maintain an history of their efficient use and look into development besides doing informed rational picks in the trade-off. Further, such ac counting and rating will besides supply the policy-makers a dependable and consistent database for effectual direction of the natural capital of the economic system. The book besides generates some contention over theundertaking assessmentsand their concern of dismissing the hereafter by sing that the price reduction rates do non necessarily move as a disadvantage to the environment. The present value of costs of 1000000s of dollars over the period of a longer clip frame say 100 old ages reduces it to a few dollars doing any action highly difficult to warrant on economic evidences. Continuing on their accent on market-based instruments for sustainable development, the writers argue that market-based incentive systems like pollution licenses for industries are better environmental-protection steps than Govt.-mandated bid and control steps. Critical Appraisal This book depicts treatments on the construct of a green economic system and presents an docket for policy on environment. The book limpidly explains why such an economic roadmap to a greener hereafter is indispensable, if modern economic systems are to develop successfully and sustainably. With the increasing jutting growing rate and force per unit areas on natural resources, it is indispensable to anticipate the deductions of this on the environment and program steps to carry through sustainable development. The market rule can happen some relevancy in economic policy-making in India excessively where the environment vs. growing argument finds a considerable policy infinite. However, any undervaluation or wrong measuring of these variables will get the better of the whole procedure and hence must be guarded against. This is a authoritative on the academic topic – environmental economic sciences and widely recommended for reading by pupils and research workers. This is a great book for acquiring started on the issue for a cause that finally has a much larger and long-run impact. The book explores the span of the ways in which we have distorted and damaged the environment and what can be done to account for that harm and perchance cut down or change by reversal it. This is a well-written book on the environmental economic sciences in seven chapters. The writers devote attending to assorted aspects in a systematic and limpid mode. The usage of illustrations, tabular arraies and graphs makes reading and understanding better. Not dismissing the powerful thoughts that the book puts Forth, my broad-spectrum feeling of the book is that the potency of the book is non rather realized. Although the book identifies attacks and schemes for rating of the environment, it seems to be a hard text for the non-practicing economic expert to work with. The book has besides dealt with the pecuniary every bit good as physical attacks to environmental accounting but does non reply which attack to follow but leaves the treatment by acknowledging that the work on the same is still at babyhood and more research needs to be done about it. Obscure Concepts such as ‘intergenerational equity ‘ , ‘informational value of hold ‘ , ‘uncertainty ‘ , ‘irreversibility ‘ , ‘importing and exporting sustainability ‘ , etc. are used in an abstract mode. Chris Patten, the Secretary for Environment at that point of clip, failed to implement the ideas put away by the study, but this does nonper Secan be used to indicate fingers at the content of the study. But the positive image was that, that the book brought all the issues on the tabular array and in public position. The writers could hold included alternate theoretical and methodological attacks like the followers: †¢Tangible thoughts of execution for sustainable development – focal point on how instead than what. †¢Quantitative non qualitative processs for measurement e.g instead than physical/monetary attack, rating of a tree by the energy stored in it, chance cost et Al Overall, although the book is over two decennary old, it is still both appealing and pertinent for person who believer in the cause of the environment. The read should be supplemented by reading the subsequence written twenty old ages post the publication of the original book i.e. â€Å"A new Blueprint for a Green Economy: which highlights the new attacks needed to pull off the turning environmental concerns. The subsequence emphasizes on the implementable policies for economic systems, and explains the importance for the same. In a nutshell, the book’s practical relevancy even today can non be doubted. It has influential thoughts and its realistic proposals continue to fascinate policy shapers till day of the month. Its message underscoring the importance of sustainable economic development is merely deriving more relevancy with each go throughing twenty-four hours in today’s epoch of planetary heating and clime alteration. One can merely disregard this at its ain hazard.

Neo-Marxist Contribution to Theories O Social Class Inequality Essay

How far would you say that Neo-Marxist have contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality today? Social class inequality can be defined as the existence of socially created inequalities among and within classes. They can be attributed to various factors such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, income, etc. It is arguable that inequalities that exist in post-independence societies as well as the inequalities which exist between nations can be directly traced back to the exploitative capitalism which accompanied European colonialism. Neo-Marxism has indeed contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality in contemporary times. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to identify the nature of Neo-Marxism, its emergence as a school of thought, the main views of Neo-Marxism and its application to today as it regards to Social Class Inequality. Neo-Marxism for the purpose of this research paper can be defined as : a term loosely applied to any social theory or sociological analysis which draws on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but amends or extends these, usually by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions—such as, for example, psychoanalysis (as in the case of critical theory), Weberian sociology (as in Erik Olin Wright’s theory of contradictory class locations), or anarchism (as in the example of critical criminology). Site ref) This social theory emerged during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s through the Frankfurt School, in Germany. This institution was referred to as the Institute of Social Research at the University of Frankfurt, Germany. The early Neo-Marxists from that school were Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno and Leo Lowenthal among others. Max Horkheimer referred to this new strain of Marxism as Critical Theory in 1937; it is a social theory oriented towards critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to the traditional Marxist theory that just sought to explain it . The fundamental principles of critical social theory is that it should be directed at the totality of the society; that is how it has been organised at differentiating historical times. And in addition it should improve on the understanding of our society through integrating the major social sciences. Neo-Marxism therefore held views that were synonymous with Marxism however they were amended and extended on his principles to keep up with modern times. Neo-Marxism, according to neo-marxist Nicos Poulantzas sought to answer three basic questions that traditional Marxist was unable to deliver a rationale for. These questions were firstly, why did the socialist and social democratic political parties not band together against WWI? (Instead of support for their own countries). Secondly, why although the timing seemed right for a workers revolution in the west it did not take place? And lastly how did fascism take place in Europe at this time? Neo-Marxism is based on the total political-economic-cultural systems that exist in contemporary societies. Neo-Marxists were concerned with the growth of the middle class, which changed the traditional Marxist class view of there being only two classes; to the introduction of a new class -the middle class. They studied the composition of the labour force; that is the fragmentation of the working class and the decomposition of capital; that is the growth in the middle class. They needed to discover whether or not social mobility was beneficial to the lower class or whether or not it leads to the maintenance of the status quo. It is believed that ‘Mobility acts as a political safety valves’. (Parkin) It maintains the ideals of ruling class by providing hope to the working class so they would not want to form a revolution against the capitalist system. Neo-Marxists also found that there was a heterogeneous nature among classes; this was evident there were classes within classes. The main Marxist views that were retained by neo-Marxist are that the theory of dialectical materialism remains. This theory of change implies that the world including human beings is â€Å"Matter in motion† and progress occurs through struggle. They also shared the belief that capitalism is an alienating, exploitative system, subordinating human to the interest of hegemonic elites. The society then becomes one that upholds the values as the ruling class and these values inherently become the values of the people within the society. This was posited by Antonio Gramsci, an Italian journalist and politician who suffered at the hand of the fascist dictator that ruled Italy in 1937. He also writes that inequality exists as people are led to believe that it is inevitable. He also credits religion as the most important forms of metal control; as it teaches people to seek reward in heaven and not equality on earth. They were inclined to bear the inequality on earth as they believed that one day they would be rewarded in heaven. Another principle of Marxism that remained is the idea that only socialism had to be treated as the only form of human organisation worth thriving for. This is imperative as it returns to the workers all the profits of their labour, as opposed to the capitalist system. In which the Bourgeoisie retains their profits for themselves; instead of allowing the proletariat to enjoy the fruits of their labour.

Form and Structure of Two Essays

Form and Structure of Two Essays Form and Structure of Two Essay Form and Structure of Two Essay The play Two does not use any structural scenes or acts. Instead it carries a continuous dialogue, and the two actors within this play are always muti-rolling between different characters. Two of the main characters personal story unravels slowly throughout the play and also these two characters are the only characters to appear more than once throughout the whole play. But the play is structured so that in order to reveal the main storyline the audience has to understand and look into the lives of other characters throughout the play.The play continues in a continuous series so that the events happen in a continuous order as it moves from one or two characters to another. This play doesnt involve songs or dance as such so it doesnt change any point of the play, also as there are no scenes or acts within the whole play. Instead it is divided into sections. For example the play begins with just the Landlord and Landlady then it continuous into the Old Woman then Moth and Maudie and so on until the play ends.With characters interacting with each other and are doing a duologue you get to see what there relationship is really like even though the audience are only seeing a small glimpse of their life. For example Mr and Mrs Iger or Roy and Lesley. The sections build up anxiety, suspense or curiosity within the audience. The Rondo form of this play is A B A C D A. After the first few scenes the audiences gets to grip with the sequence of the form of the play and the way it is progressing.As the play begins with the Landlord and Landlady, these are the only characters that the audience gets to meet more than once. : This is how the rondo form is structured. A represents the Landlord and Landlady as they are the first characters that the audience get to know. After their scene we go onto another character that the audience will only see once, this is represented as B. The play then goes back to the Landlord and Landlady (A) and after them another character (C) enters, and so on.Even though we only meet the other characters once, the audience get an on sight look on how their relationships with other people are like, and we arent left waiting at the end how they turned out. However, with the Landlord and Landlady each time the audience gets to see them, more and more is revealed about them and their relationships and about their tragic past. The theme of relationships does connect with the audience very well as everyone at some point experience a relationship with someone whether it is good or bad one.Throughout the whole play relationship is used constantly even with the Old Man and Old Woman. The characters experiences really do happen in everyday life. When the Landlord and Landlady first appear in the first section of the play the audience is immediately aware of the theme of the play because of the way the Landlord and Landlady interact with each other, and when another person enters after them and continuous with this theme of the play the audience can now relate themselves with their experiences of relationships used and look at within this play.The Landlord and Landlady re-enter the play like structured intervals and this is how the play is structured, because after other characters have finished a monologue or duologue, for example after Roy and Lesley there is a small section after them between the Landlord and Landlady. This is structured like this because these two are the only characters whose story will be revealed slowly throughout the play, not like all the other characters where we only see a small section of their relationship and life.Each time the Landlo rd and Landlady enter the audience find a tiny bit more of their individual story that we wont find out fully until the end. It is mainly nearly after every other character in the play that after them the Landlord and Landlady appear for a very short section then it continues with another character and this continuous like this throughout the whole play until it is finished.The play Two is set in a pub over the course of one night and because most couples in a relationship seem to go to their local pub at the time when this play was set and first written, it fits in very well with the play. The fact that all the characters tell their own story over one whole night is symbolic in the way that the playwright is saying that a lot can happen over the course of one night. Apart from the bar the only other props within the play are a couple of tables and chairs and the rest are imitated by the characters and this is to show how people act inside a pub.The audience are kept involved throug hout the play especially the small sections involving the Landlord and Landlady as these are the key moments that reveal more of their story, and slowly we find out why the like the way they are towards each other. Also we see all different sides of a relationship, from the Old Man who is happy and knowing that even though his wife has passes away he will one day be with her again, to the relationship between Roy and Lesley where Lesley is in constant fear of Roy of what he may do to her.The final section of the play between the Landlord and Landlady reveals their whole story and draws everything to a close. The audience finally find out the story about their relationship and why they are like the way they are and the audience get to understand this, without them having to guess in the idle of the play when clues are suggested to keep the audience thinking of what the Landlord and Landladys secret past life are. For example when the boy enters and talks to the Landlady this is a maj or clue.The audience are now relived when the story is finally concluded and everything is revealed at the end of the play. It is because of one line the audience know why they are like this. Because seven years ago tonight out son died This is structured so it shocks the audience as it is much unexpected. As the audience doesnt find this out throughout the play they are trying to guess and figure out what secrets they are both hiding.This builds up tension and suspense keeping the audience on the edge of their seats throughout the play. When there is a monologue taking place it is delivered directly to the audience so that the audience feel as though the character speaking to talking directly to them. For example the monologue that the Old Woman says is spoken directly to the audience, She sips her drink. Then turns directly to the audience. Here I am at the end of my day. Taking my reward from the glass. Hes at home, he cant come out, too crippled dear As this is happening the ot her character off stage is getting ready for the duologue between the characters doing the monologue who will quickly change into another characters when they are finished, and this is how the play is very well balanced between the dialogue of the characters and the changing of characters, and this is why the play is very successful as it is very well balanced. Small sections of play are sometimes dramatic to keep the audience interested and this builds up suspense for the ending and helps create tension so that it builds up the finale of the play. Landlady: Get off.Landlord: No. Landlady: Get off or Ill scream like Ive been stabbed. Landlord: Do it then. He doesnt even look at her. He just leaves. This is one of the many small sections between the Landlord and Landlady that increase the tension between them both for the finale of the play. Landlady: Because seven years ago tonight our son died The play is a success overall and the way the sections are structured and how the charact ers are used make this happen. The fact that these relationships happen all the time and because the play is set in a pub makes it really easy for the audience to relate to.The play looks at all different ranges of emotions and what type of good and bad relationships there are, from Roy and Lesley that clearly show that they have a bad relationship to Fred and Alice that show they have one of the best relationships throughout the whole play. I dont think this play would have been as successful if it was structured into acts and scenes, and because it has used a continuous series instead it keeps the audience watching and interested as it wouldnt as much if the play was structured into acts and scenes.

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea- a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

Preparing for Executive Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preparing for Executive Roles - Essay Example Therefore, they should make their strategies known by their subjects (Goleman, 2000). As leaders of a group, an executive officer should always be ready to take the blame if the projects that they are working on fail to work (Charan, Drotter& Noel, 2010). When it comes to decision making, it is always advisable to base one’s decisions of detailed information instead of using instincts (Kouzes& Posner, 2003). In order to spend more time with lower-level employees, an executive officer should make sure that he makes frequent casual conversations lower-level employees (Kampa-Kokesch& Anderson, 2001). This will help in knowing exactly how they feel about your leadership (Bass & Bass, 2009). Good listening skills can be applied through occasionally allowing employees to give their feedback during meetings regarding their performance and the performance of the team (Chait, Ryan & Taylor, 2011). When making decisions, an executive officer might benefit by letting the employees know what the decision is aimed at achieving and letting them give their opinions on the most appropriate choices that can be of benefit to the organizations (Daft, 2014). Before, giving out any responsibilities or introducing a project, a manager should introduce the strategies that they aimed at using to make the project a success (Cohen &Prusak, 2001). Accurate information can be sourced by making sure that the organi zations have all the resources that are needed in collecting the relevant information (Cross&Prusak,

Hypothetical population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothetical population - Essay Example Even so, the genetic equilibrium idea forms a primary principle or rule of population genetics, which provides a baseline for determining genetic change. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium concept has a variety of names, which include HWP, Hardy-Weinberg law, or HWE. Despite the principle being applicable mostly in hypothetical cases, the equations of the principle can be used fundamentally to determine vital but hard-to- measure facts regarding a population. In a case where mating is by chance (random) in a huge population having no disruptive conditions, the principle forecasts that both allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant owing to the fact that they are in equilibrium (Nature Education). Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions are met the calculation for the following hypothetical population is determined. p2 in this equation will be equal to the part (fraction) of the population that is homozygous for p and q2 being equal to the fraction of the population that is homozygous for q while 2pq equals the fraction of the population that forms the heterozygotes. Using the information from the calculation to explain the occurrences in the hypothetical population, it is realized that the recessive gene in most cases is never lost from a given population irrespective of how tiny the gene is represented. Therefore, gene ratios and gene frequencies in a randomly-breeding population usually remain constant from a single generation to another. Evolution comprises of changes within the population gene pool. However, in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a population indicates no particular change. What the principle suggests is that populations can maintain a variability reservoir so that in case the future conditions need it, then the gene pool changes. In a case where the recessive alleles were disappearing continually, the population would become homozygous soon. Thus, under the conditions of

Integrated risk management (financial risk management) Essay

Integrated risk management (financial risk management) - Essay Example World has evolved rapidly over the last few decades. The changes on our economic horizon are just a part of a global economic shift toward better more efficient and transparent systems. The term ‘better’ is a very generic term. This has been used basically to make a statement about diversity. The term ‘better’ changes its meaning every few years for everyone. For example a few years ago it was better to own an apartment in a high rise apartment building than an ordinary house. Today however the trend has changed once again. People prefer buying private houses rather than apartments; even the most expensive ones. This is because of a socio cultural shift in human evolution. This is just a very small example of the change that is present all around us. Another example if of the concept used mostly in International Business Management (IBM) called ‘International Product Life Cycle’. This concept basically assumes that a product exists in every phas e of its life cycle if we look at the world as a whole. A very relevant example would be of a Plasma LCD. These LCDs are in the growth stage of their life cycle in developed countries. In other developed countries however they might still be in the introductory stage. This is just an example of the complexity and diversity that is present in our business environment today. This complexity and diversity makes decision making very difficult. The risk factor therefore becomes even more prominent and damaging. When every decision might be right and wrong at the same time, how can you minimize risk? Moreover a global business environment is order of the day. This means that there are very few large and successful corporations which are not multinationals. Going beyond borders has therefore become a recipe for success. Recently a new phenomenon has emerged called outsourcing. This basically includes using human

New Women R K Narayans The Guide English Literature Essay

New Women R K Narayans The Guide English Literature Essay The perspective of Indian English novelists represents the different levels of the Indian consciousness which is shaped by the tradition of Indian humanism.'(George Lucas, 1) The theme of the emancipation of a new woman for the first time became a wide spread and genuine concern and improvement for womens pathetic image became a social issue in the early twentieth century. It became the creative consciousness for all the Indian English writers including R.K Narayan. Narayan through the character, Rosie, in The Guide depicts the emergence of a new woman. In Rosie, Narayan has shown a woman experiencing a conflict between a strong yearning for individual fulfillment and traditional norms. Narayan illustrates the Indian society which is deeply rooted in traditionalism, where women have been the major relentless victims of circumstances and conventions. Rosie also becomes a victim of circumstances and conventions but through her rebellious attitude, she makes her own way with a sense of pride and dignity, which shows a newly liberated woman in the post independence Indian society. This term paper shows how a woman asserts herself by breaking the old shackles of tradition and convention and finally brings an era of a new woman. The novel The Guide portrays two Indias; the traditional India, and the modern sophisticated India. In the traditional India, women have no opportunity for asserting or expressing their talent and personality. Our traditional society is rigid one in which there is no respect for freedom or expression of ones potential. Women are extremely suppressed by the males. Men are seen as superior to women and hold good position while women realize this painful reality only when they dare to express themselves and try to secure their fulfillments. Consequently, this whole scenario suppresses ones self either consciously or unconsciously. R.K Narayan says in My Days: A Memoirs: From times immemorial, man assigned her a secondary place and kept her there with such subtlety and cunning that she herself began to loose all notions of her independence, her individuality, her status and strength. A wife in an orthodox milieu of Indian society was an ideal victim of such circumstances Whereas if we look at the modern India, Jennet P. Gemmill says, it is: a broad based an dynamic concept involving an awareness of time, the will to revitalize traditions, a craving for novelty and variety, exploitation of the social conditions for the fulfillment of human personality and a struggle for progress In such a society the woman is more enlightened about herself and the milieu in which she has to fulfill the purpose of her living. Rosie, in The Guide, is a character, who is deeply rooted in tradition, occupies the most unique position among the Narayans women. She comes from a family traditionally dedicated to the temples as dancers (The Guide, 75). She belongs to the Devdasiclan in which women were dedicated to deity and not permitted to perform mundane domestic chores for the men. They did not have any right to choose their rightful husband. Through her name, Rosie, Narayans ironic intention becomes clear in which her name like a rose shows that her life remains surrounded by the thorns. She shows her first assertiveness by breaking the fetters of darkness of the Devdasi clan and leaps towards the light of learning by obtaining Masters in Economics, which respond a matrimonial advertisement in the newspaper; An educated, good looking girl to marry a rich bachelor of academic interests. No caste restrictions good looks and university degree essential (Bhatnagar, 75). Her degree shows a window of the world of glitter and glamour and by using it she takes one more offbeat step in her ascent. She marries Marco, a rich bachelor of academic interests. The marriage shows how she has scored over her Devdasi sisters. Shalini Gupta says in her essay (page 200); The caged bird shakes her wings, breaks the bars with jubilant hopes and flies in one sweep to Marcos Nest (page 4). So, the marriage symbolizes Rosies adventurous spirit and her aspirations for the freedom of the outer world appear to assume the fulfillment of her artistic learning and yearning. After her marriage, the most defiant act comes when she commits adultery, which constitutes a crucial stage in her life. It is very necessary to understand the nature of her marital relationship with Marco which enforces her to make extra marital relationship with Raju, their guide. Rosie chose to marry Marco to get status and respect of wife whereas Marco being a typical Indian male wanted a subservient faithful wife like his servant Joseph who, in his opinion was a wonderful man; I dont see him, I dont hear him but he does everything for me at the right time. Thats how I want things to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thats what I thought when I saw Rosie demonstrates to me in her hotel room (The Guide, 127). Marco marries Rosie with the hope that she would go well with his practical life but his choice becomes wrong, for the girl he chooses in marriage comes out to be a dreamer who wants to be Benefited by a husband who could care for her career (Shalini Gupta,page 200). Narayan gives us the instances of their clash of expectation, hopes, interests and desire which lead to the eventual collapse of the marriage between Rosie and Marco they have nothing in common between them like love and warmth they may share together. Narayan shows their opposite appearances noted by Balrama Gupta; Rosie with her bright hued and gold laced sari, diamond earrings and gold necklace and with her curly hair braided and deflowered is a contrast to Marco with his colored glasses, thick jacket and a thick helmet. Further, there is no similarity between their natures, attitudes and interests. So, if Rosie is vivacious, spiritly and passionate than Marco is cold grim and unemotional. ` Raju describes them as against the beautifully natural surroundings of the Peak House. He says: The girl was in ecstasyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she ran like a child from Plant to Plant with cries of joys, while the man looked on with no emotions. . . (Ramesh Dnyates essay, p-93) Rosie is a social girl. She loves the company of people and is destined to play a role in the open world whereas Marco seems to have forgotten the human world and fated to flourish his solitude. Significantly, their lifelong interests are different in nature. Rosies art involves the pulsating human body whereas Marcos research is confined to stone walls and stone figure. He is a die-hard archeologist, who lives and breaths lifeless ancient sculptures while neglecting the living embodiment of the art of dance, his wife Rosie. This is what Raju says about him: All that he could do was to copy ancient things and write about them. His mind was completely in it. All practical affairs of life seemed impossible to himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (C.P.Sharmas essay, p-109) He is an infertile man who lacks human qualities like love, warmth and compassion which is expected by his wife. His excessive indulgence in the mute things of the past kills Rosies interest in life and love of art. As the novelist puts it: dead and decaying things seemed to unloosen his tongue and fire his imagination, rather than things that lived and moved and swung their limbsanything that interested her seemed to irritate him (Shalini Guptas essay, p-201) Rosie too has intellectual pursuit like Marco. She tells him that she has many ideas like him. Her interests are no less serious than him. She starts her dancing practice at five in the morning and continues for full three hours. In the afternoon, she spends her one or two hours by studying Natya Shastra of Bharat Muni in order to keep the purity of classical forms. She looks for the ideas in Ramayana and The Mahabharata. But Marco finds nothing intellectual in her, which shows Marcos approach to Rosies aspiration is unimaginative and deliberately callous. He believes only in marital satisfaction and cannot give spiritual fulfillment. This approach of Marco is incompatible with Rosie. Rosie says to Rajus mother in The Guide: I would have preferred any kind of mother-in-law, if it had meant one real, live husband (Shalini Guptas essay, page 201). Then she goes to Raju for fulfilling her desires. The meeting with Raju marks turning point in her life. Raju brings with a promise of fragrant musical breezes and a shower of colors of spring for Rosie. He becomes greatly possessive about Rosie and never thinks that she is married to a person whom he has now grown to hate for being associated with her. For the sake of Rosie, he separates himself from his mother and discards the whole set of peoples or the whole society. By sacrificing all the things, Raju gives himself up for Rosie to fill the loveless and cheerless void in her life. Overwhelmed with love and gratefulness, she has confessed: Even if I have seen rebirth, I wont be able to repay my debt to you (Satyanarayans essay, page 68). Raju becomes her friend, philosopher and her guide. She realizes that he is inviting her to go to the land of her dreams, her spirit begins to soar, and her individuality begins to bosom for a delightful expression. She also realizes that he is capable of fulfilling her creative and physical cravings, and she starts revolting herself by dance. Her passion for dance was upbringing by birth. But in devdasi clan she was like a caged bird and her instinct for freedom, spontaneity and self expression was suppressed. It is her plight in which Raju beckoned her light released her from her dark tunnel and her heart joy and fulfillment cultivated through this art form. He symbolizes in that context a warm flow of life and certain recklessness that minister to vital human needs. Rosie is defined by dancing and her talent as an accomplished dancer achieved wide recognition through Rajus managerial skill. Rosie becomes a star attraction and Raju is known as the master of this establishment. She secures her rising fame through her dance. Dance may seem to be a secondary concern in the novel but it functions mainly as a medium for developing Rosies character. Thus, through the Bharat Natyam, she becomes famous as a world class dancer. But Raju uses her obsession for dance, for personal gain. As a manager, he takes too many appointments without caring Rosies physical health, in order to gain more money and self esteem. He begins to squander his new found fortune in drinking parties and gambling sessions but making a continuous pace in fixing Rosies dance performances at various places and accepting advances for earning too much money. Rosies delight in the company of fellow-artists is resented by Raju, who cannot understand the freedom, mobility and exposure that a devdasi woman pursues. He is not an ideal mate for Rosie and cannot comprehend the unease within her. So, the relationship becomes doomed because it is not based on true love and understanding. When Rosies jewelry box is to be returned to her by Marco, Raju denies the importance of the event and attempt to forge Rosies signature and keeps the jewelry box away from her which shows Raju condemns their relationship to failure. Eventually when Raju is jailed, she becomes stunned and expresses her reactions to Rajus forgery as an atypical karma conscious woman, she says: If I have to pawn my last possession Ill do it to save You from jail. But once it is over, leave me once for all (Ramesh Dnyates essay, p-94) In the final analysis, after abandon by Marco and betrayed by Raju, Rosie stands steadfast and dignified and does her dharma as a Hindu Wife. As the man who gave her the new lease for life, Rosie tried to save Raju by paying to a costly lawyer. She shows a sense of great fullness to Marco who takes her out of darkness by taking his book with her when she leaves Malgudi.Curiously, she too like Savitri (The Dark Room) who is taken from The Hindu Mythology, is regarded as a victim of mans world. In the male dominated world, Marco and Raju both played the game of betrayal to her but with her aspiring spirit; she has managed to find her own way with a sense of pride and dignity. Her personality leaves a sense of stronger imprint on Raju. Her vision of happy living has within it not only her passion for creativity in the dance but also a loving husband and a small home as its essential component. She says to raju: Im tired of all this circus existence. It was your own choice. (S.Satyanarains essay, p-71) She leaves the Malgudi for settling her life and no more plays any role: She had settled down at Madras and was looking after herself quite well. (S.Satyanarains essay, p-70) Thus, Rosie wins our admiration and respect by making her own way of living.Rosie, as a rebel, reflects the complex blending of tradition and modernity. To conclude, it can be said that, through the character Rosie, narayans humanistic concern is revealed which deals with the overgrowing awareness of the need to expand the area of womans freedom. His fictional world is circumscribed by a traditional Hindu society in which men rather women hold a superior place. Women are generally confined to the daily drudgery and all sorts of prohibitions are imposed on them but the milieu has changed from a strictly orthodox to the progressive and liberated value systems in modern civilization and women too have gradually begun to assert themselves in the society. The woman characters that move in quest of some relief from the suffocation and suppression of their established routine face a clash with the society and in the end they achieve much for themselves. Rosie is a typical example of this type of a situation of a woman in Indian society. Work Cited 1. Bhatnagar,The Gendered Construction of Rosie as the Other in the Guide: A Comparison of the Textual and Cinematic Tradition, Readings in Indian English Literature: Notion, Culture and Identity. 2. Chandrasekharan, Nair Anup,R.K.Narayans The Guide from the verbal to the visual: An Analysis in comparison, Perspective on Indian English Fiction, Editor, Jaydip Singh K.Dodiya. 3. Dnyate, Ramesh,The Concept and Nature of Rebellion, Rosies Rebellion, The Novels of R.K.Narayan, A Typological Study of Characters. 4. Gupta, Salini,Assertion and After: A Study of the Woman Protagonist in R.K.Narayans The Guide, Humanism in Indian English Fiction edited by T.S Anand. 5. Jannet P.Gemmill,Modernity Contemporary Indian Literature, in Literature East and West, 14 No. 2 (1970), 287. 6. Narayan, R.K, The Guide (1958, rpt Mysore: Indian Thought publication, 1978), 127. 7. Narayan, R.K, My Days: A Memoir (1974; rpt Mysore: Indian thought Publication, 1975), 119. 8. Singh, S.Satyanarain,The Guide: Crisis and Resolution, Indian Fiction in English edited by P.Mallikarjuna Rao, M.Rajeshwar. 9. Sharma, C.P,The masterpieces of Maturity (p, 104-110), The Novels of R.K.Narayan: A Perspective. 10. Thieme, John,Middle-period novels: The Guide to The Painters of Signs, R.K.Narayan, Contemporary World Writers. 11. Lucas, George,Empowerment of Women through the Character of Rosie in R.K. Narayans The Guide'

Fear of Losing Control :: essays research papers

It is common understanding in business that to stay ahead of the competition, change is necessary. Employees are consistently told they must continue to find new ways to achieve better results. The direction is clear – improve productivity, become more effective, get more done with less, get it right the first time. When groups in the middle or the bottom of an organization begin to change how they do their work, does the rest of the organization give them unqualified support? â€Å"Top-Down† vs. â€Å"Bottom-Up† Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While much of senior management at large corporations today might claim to want â€Å"self-empowered† employees, the opposite would seem to be the rule. Rarely is change initiated from somewhere other than at or from the â€Å"top† allowed to significantly alter an organization, unless the higher levels of authority within the organization have envisioned the change or, at a minimum, fully sanctioned the proposal for change. One finding in a recent study surveying 4,300 U.S. companies with 100 or more employees seems to support this perspective as forty percent of hourly employees, versus only sixteen percent of managers, cited a lack of management visibility and support as a major impediment to change. (Zoglio, 1998) Organizational politics, which inevitably makes managers fear losing control more than reaching for success, inevitably lead to the demise of changes originating in other ways within the organization. This move to control people often o ccurs when these changes are near or at the point of creating significant benefits for the organization. Organizational Creative Thinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to have sustainable, ongoing change, the work must be done with full ownership and accountability of those producing the results. The typical scenario, however, is that employees are given direction and complete work as they are told to do so by those in authority. A dependence on authority to create new ideas gets perpetuated. Perhaps those in corporate leadership positions are self-serving and realize that recognition is given most to those who create and implement profitable new ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unquestionably, leadership is most capable when it is able to keep work aligned with the strategy and direction of the organization. The best executives today have the ability to ensure the company progresses while challenging thinking. The resulting unspoken message to employees is to be creative, but only within the framework of sanctioned thinking. In other words, employees must follow someone else’s thinking while continuously improving performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The direction and resulting message are in conflict.

Inner city redevelopment and regeneration – London’s Dockland case study

* During nineteenth century, London was the busiest port of the world. But due to changes such as better technology, they became abandoned and derelict. * Larger ships could not reach the port and containerization did away with the need of large number of dockers. * By that time the area had very few jobs, the docks had closed and over half of the land was derelict, many of the houses needed urgent repair, transport was poor and there was a lack of basic services, leisure amenities and open space. * The London Dockland's Development Corporation (LDDC) tried to improve the economic, social and environmental conditions of the area. Changes ; Physical: derelict land reclaimed, trees planted, open space created and conservation areas created. ; Economic: improved transport systems means faster journey. Improvements in roads. Employment and businesses increased e.g. The Guardian and Daily Telegraph. High tech firms came due to the low rates of the enterprise zone. These were followed by firms wishing to relocate in new office blocks. ; Social: more than 20 000 homes created. Former docks converted into luxury flats. Large, modern shopping complexes built. Other activities such as marina for water sports and indoor sports centre built. Several areas cleared and converted into parks and area of open space. Almost 100 million pounds has also been spent of health, education, training and community programmes. Reasons for success You can read also Costco Case Study * Extremely high prices of land for new offices and residential development. * The potential of leisure activities and scenic views along the riverside. * Funding of some of the infrastructure by the government. * Initiatives taken by entrepreneurs like John Mowlem, whose company built the London City Airport. * The development of the Dockland Light Railway. * The setting up of the Isle of Dogs Enterprise zone to attract industry. * The development of the airport bringing easy journeys. Groups involved in this * Local housing societies helped by gaining home improving grants. * The local Newham council built affordable houses and improved local services. * The LDDC were responsible for planning and redeveloping dockland. * The national government created enterprise zone with its reduced rate. It encouraged private investment and improved transport systems. * Property developers were responsible for building large office blocks and converting derelict warehouses into luxury flats. * Conservation groups supported tree planting and other schemes. Opinions ? School leaver: happy because there are more new jobs available. ? Local shopkeepers: happy because they will have wealthier customers. ? Local retired people: bad, because the prices in the area rise sharply. ? Former docker: bad because no appropriate manual jobs created. ? Social worker: bad because local community is broken by newcomers. ? Elderly: bad because there is no sufficient services such as hospitals. ? Local people: bad, they wanted jobs and affordable houses. ? People living in Birmingham: happy as their houses were improved along with new facilities provided with them. Nupur Jain 5F Geography case study